SUBJECT CODE & NAME BT9302, Human Computer Interface
CREDIT 4
BK ID B1364
MAX. MARKS 60
Answer all the questions
Ques 1 List all the principles of designing graphical user interface. Explain any eight of them.
Ans Principles of Graphical User Interface
Graphical user interfaces (GUIs) have become the user interface of choice. Yet despite the GUI’s popularity, surprisingly few programs exhibit good interface design. Moreover, finding information explaining what constitutes a good and intuitive interface is exceedingly difficult. This section,
Ques 2 Explain the phases in determining basic business functions.
Ans In order to determine basic business functions one as know basic models.Understanding these modelsis necessary for designing the interface
Ques 3 Explain the uses of toolbars and message boxes in designing windows.
Ans Windows Components
Windows are enclosed, rectangular areas of the display screen that can contain text, graphics and widgets. They are the basic element in which Graphical user interface (GUI) applications are displayed
Ques 4 Explain Goal-Operation-Methods-Selections (GOMS) user interface design approach. List advantages and disadvantages of it.
Ans GOMS is a family of user interface modeling techniques. Goals, Operators, Methods and Selection rules are Input for this approach. This approach is used various qualitative and quantitative measures,
Ques 5 Write short notes on layout of controls.
Answer:
Poorly laid out dialog boxes cause confusion and distract users from completing their tasks. Organisation is thus critical to maximizing usability.
There are four general categories of control: Imperative, Selection, Entry, and Display.
1) Imperative controls:
Explain HCI Applications for Aiding Children with Mental Disorders.
Answer:
HCI Applications for Aiding Children with Mental Disorders:
HCI is used in aiding children with mental disorders. We look at autism and bipolar disorder in particular. We believe HCI is promising here because it provides the possibility of capturing,
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DRIVE fall 2016
PROGRAM-MBADS (SEM 3/SEM 5) MBAFLEX/ MBAN2 (SEM 3) PGDHRMN (SEM 1)
SUBJECT CODE & NAME-MU0013 –HR Audit
BK ID-B1735
CREDIT & MARKS-4 Credits, 60 marks
Q1. Define Human Resource Planning (HRP).Discuss the objectives of Human Resource Planning.
(Meaning of Human Resource Planning., Explain the four main objectives of Human Resource Planning) 2, 8
Answer.
Meaning of Human Resource Planning
Human resource planning is the term used to describe how companies ensure that their staff comprises the “right person for doing the job”. It includes planning for staff retention, planning for candidate search, training and skills analysis and much more. It is the process of acquiring and utilising human resource in an organization. The main objective is to ensure that an
Q2. Suppose you have joined as an HR and you are asked to carry out the HR Audit process in your organization. What are the methods you will consider while implementing the HR Audit process?
(Explain the methods involved in the HR Audit process) 10
Answer.
Methods involved in the HR Audit process
Methods used in the HR Audit process are: Interviews
In order to ascertain what the top management thinks about the future plans and opportunities available for the company, the auditors conduct individual interviews with the members of the top management. The top management
can
Q.3.What are the areas of HR Audit? Explain any four of them (Listing the areas of HR Audit., Explaining any four of them.) 1,9
ANS:
Areas of HR Audit
Various areas in which HR audit is performed are as follows:
Audit of HR planning
Audit of HR development
Audit of training
Audit of industrial relations
Audit of managerial compliance
Audit of HR climate
Audit of corporate strategies.
Audit of HR Planning: HR planning refers to the ongoing process of systematic planning to achieveoptimum use of an
Q.4.What do you mean by HR Scorecard? Explain the steps undertaken to approach a Human Resource Scorecard. (Definition of HR Scorecard, Explaining the steps in HR Scorecard Approach) 2,8
ANS:
HR Scorecard
The various steps involved in conducting human resource (HR) audit including how to plan questions, collecting and analysing data and assessing the ability for change. HR scorecard which is an important tool for conducting a successful HR audit. It is used for measuring the contribution of human resource management practices for achieving organisational
Q.5. Write a brief note on the effectiveness of Human Resource Development Audit as an intervention. (Explaining the Effectiveness of Human Resource Development Audit as an intervention) 10
ANS:
Effectiveness of Human Resource Development Audit as an Intervention
In any firm, along with the optimal utilisation of other resources, human resources should also be exploited to its maximum potential. Businesses which utilise their human resources in an effective way have better chances of success in the future. Sustainability and progress of business will dependon new competencies, methods, strategies and value creating processes. Every organisation has accepted that human resource is the most valuable asset of an organisation though its value is not mentioned in the balance sheet. Lack of information regarding human capital was seen as a serioushandicap for
Q6. What do you mean by Employee Orientation Programmes? List out some points of Good employee orientation programmes.
Definition of Employee Orientation Programmes
List of Good employee orientation programmes
ANSWER:
Definition of Employee Orientation Programmes: Employee orientation programmes are given to new employees at a place of business or work. It helps employees to speed up and learn the “ground rules” of the company. This often reduces start-up time, training, and other indirect costs associated with having new employees who are unfamiliar with the
Q1. Define Strategy. Describe the different strategy levels in an organization
(Definition of Strategy, Explain the different strategy levels in an organization) 2, 8
Answer.
Strategy
Johnson and Scholes define strategy as “The direction and scope of an organisation over the long-term; which achieves advantages for the organisation through its configuration of resources within a changing environment, to meet the needs of
Q2 Write down the elements & dimensions of Organizational Culture?
Answer Elements of organisational culture
Now that we have defined organisational culture, let us look into the elements that define organisational culture. They are as follows:
The paradigm: It defines the mission and values of the organisation. It outlines the functions of the organisation.
Control systems: It defines the
Q3 Explain the reasons for grievances? List out the various points that was considered as precautions while Handling Grievances.
Answer There are a number of causes of employee grievances. Some of the reasons are as follows:
Economic: Issues related to wages like wage calculation, overtime, and bonus. Employees often feel that they earn less than what they deserve. Working environment: Issues related to the employee’s work environment like poor working conditions, defective equipment
Q4 Discuss the Collective Bargaining Process and its issues
(Explaining the Collective Bargaining process, Explaining the Collective Bargaining issues)
Answer.
Collective Bargaining process
Having understood what collective bargaining is, let us now discuss the general process involved in collective bargaining and negotiation towards resolving employee issues. The process includes negotiations between an employer and a group of employees to determine the conditions of the employment. The result of the collective bargaining process is called the Collective
Q5 What is a Trade Union and what are its activities? Explain the functions of Trade Unions.
(Meaning of Trade Union
Describing the activities of Trade Unions
Explaining the Functions of Trade Unions )
Answer.
Trade Union
A trade union or labour union is an administration of workforce grouped together to attain common goals such as enhanced operational circumstances.
Trade unions are created with the key goal of protecting the rights of the labour force. The Indian labour market consists of three sectors:
The rural workers, which comprise 60 percent of the labour force.
Organised
Q6 Write a brief note on the following:
a) Decision Making and its types
b)Disciplinary procedure
Answer
Decision Making
Let us first understand what decision making is. Decision making is a mental process which results in the selection of an option from many alternatives. Decision making is both a logical and emotional process. We will now
examine the different types of decision-making tac
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ASSIGNMENT
DRIVE
FALL 2016
PROGRAM
Certificate in export import management
SEMESTER
Semester IV
SUBJECT CODE & NAME
Certificate in export import management – IB specialization
MARKS
60
Note: Answer all questions. Kindly note that answers for 10 marks questions should be approximately of 400 words. Each question is followed by evaluation scheme.
Question.1. With reference to FTP 2015-2020, Explain the various measures introduced for Trade Facilitation and ease of doing business. Explain the MEIS Scheme
Answer:The much awaited Foreign Trade Policy 2015-20 was unveiled today by Minister of Commerce & Industry Mrs.NirmalaSitharaman, at VigyanBhawan. The new five year Foreign Trade Policy, 2015-20 provides a framework for increasing exports of goods and services as well as generation of employment and increasing value addition in the country, in keeping with the “Make in India” vision of Prime Minister. The focus of the new policy is to support both the manufacturing and services sectors, with a special emphasis on improving the ‘ease of doing business’.
Question.2. Discuss application of Stretch Wrapping in Packaging.
What are the different cushioning materials used for packaging.
Answer:Stretch wrap or stretch film is a highly stretchable plastic film that is wrapped around items. The elastic recovery keeps the items tightly bound. In contrast, shrink wrap is applied loosely around an item and shrinks tightly with heat.
It is frequently used to unitize pallet loads but also may be used for bundling smaller items. The development provides a film around one or more products with the aim to stabilize protect and secure the cargo from tampering or theft. There are two main methods of the Pallet Wrapping process; the Vertical Development and the Horizontal
Question.3. Who is a CHA? Explain the responsibilities and duties of a CHA?
Answer:In India, a customs house agent (CHA) is licensed to act as an agent for transaction of any business relating to the entry or departure of conveyances or the import or export of goods at a customs station. CHAs maintain detailed, itemized and up-to-date accounts. A CHA license may be temporary or permanent.
CHA licensing regulations, 1984
No ceiling on the number of CHAs who may be
Question.4. Explain about Export Credit Guarantee Corporation of India? What are the different policies offered by the ECGC?
Answer:The ECGC Limited (Formerly Export Credit Guarantee Corporation of India Ltd) is a company wholly owned by the Government of India based in Mumbai, Maharashtra. It provides export credit insurance support to Indian exporters and is controlled by the Ministry of Commerce. Government of India had initially set up Export Risks Insurance Corporation (ERIC) in July 1957. It was transformed into Export Credit and Guarantee Corporation Limited (ECGC) in 1964 and to Export Credit Guarantee Corporation of India in 1983.
Question.5. Explain the different Avenues to enter business in a foreign market.What is Embargo?
Answer:Foreign market entry modes (Participation strategy) differ in degree of risk they present, the control and commitment of resources they require and the return on investment they promise.
There are two major types of entry modes: equity and non-equity modes. The non-equity modes category includes export and contractual agreements. The equity modes category includes: joint venture and wholly owned subsidiaries.
Exporting is the process of selling of goods and services produced in one country to other countries.
Question.6. You are a Handicraft products exporter. A prospective overseas client has shown interest in your products. Write a letter making a firm offer mentioning all relevant facts regardingproduct features, payment terms, transport details, insurance, delivery schedules,packaging etc.,? Assume all relevant details about the product and the client.
Answer:
Dear Sir/Madam
Sub : Offering Our Products to export
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ASSIGNMENT
DRIVE
FALL 2016
PROGRAM
Master of Business Administration- MBA
SEMESTER
Semester 4
SUBJECT CODE & NAME
IB0015- Foreign Trade of India
BK ID
B1908
CREDITS
4
MARKS
60
Note: Answer all questions. Kindly note that answers for 10 marks questions should be approximately of 400 words. Each question is followed by evaluation scheme.
Question.1. Write a note on composition of India’s foreign trade?
Answer: Composition of foreign Indian foreign trade means major commodity or sectors in which India is doing export and import. India is a very old participant in world trade. Indian foreign trade registered a number of structural changes during the planning period. The percentage of non- traditional goods in total export has increased i.e, export of chemical and engineering goods have shown a good rise. Some other items are gems and Jewellery. India is making export of few traditional goods like; tea, coffee, rice, pulses, spices, tobacco, jute, iron ore etc.
Question.2. Explain the composition of India’s import in detail?
Answer:Foreign Trade is one of the significant macro fundamental variable of an economy. India till recently was predominantly a primary goods exporting and mainly an industrial goods importing country.
In 1950s, India’s share in the world trade was 1.78% which was decline to 0.59% in 1990 and continues to remain around 0.60% till now. India’s share in world exports was 0.8% in 2006.
Question.3. What are the main features of India’s foreign trade policy and what are the various EPCG schemes?
Answer:EPCG scheme allows import of capital goods for pre production, production and post production (including CKD / SKD thereof as well as computer software systems) at 3% Customs duty, subject to an export obligation equivalent to 8 times of duty saved on capital goods imported under EPCG scheme, to be fulfilled in 8 years reckoned from Authorisation issue-date. In case of agro units, and units in cottage or tiny sector, import of capital goods at 3% Customs duty shall be allowed subject to fulfillment of export obligation equivalent to 6 times of duty saved on capital goods imported, in 12 years from Authorisation issue- date.
Commodity boards
Answer:There are five statutory Commodity Boards under the Department of Commerce. These Boards are responsible for production, development and export of tea, coffee, rubber, spices and tobacco.
Coffee Board
The primary functions of the Board include formulating and implementing programmes and projects for growth and development of the coffee industry.
Promoting coffee consumption in India and exports in the international market.
Supporting research.
Question.5. What are the various schemes under India’s foreign trade policy?
Answer:India’s Foreign Trade Policy also known as Export Import Policy (EXIM) in general, aims at developing export potential, improving export performance, encouraging foreign trade and creating favorable balance of payments position. Foreign Trade Policy is prepared and announced by the Central Government (Ministry of Commerce). Foreign Trade Policy or EXIM Policy is a set of guidelines and instructions established by the DGFT (Directorate General of Foreign Trade) in matters related to the import and export of goods in India.
Question.6. Write a short note on WTO and dispute settlement?
Answer:Dispute settlement is the central pillar of the multilateral trading system, and the WTO’s unique contribution to the stability of the global economy. Without a means of settling disputes, the rules-based system would be less effective because the rules could not be enforced. The WTO’s procedure underscores the rule of law, and it makes the trading system more secure and predictable. The system is based on clearly-defined rules, with timetables for completing a case. First rulings are made by a panel and endorsed (or rejected) by the WTO’s full membership. Appeals based on points of law are possible.
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ASSIGNMENT
DRIVE
FALL 2016
PROGRAM
Master of Business Administration- MBA
SEMESTER
Semester 4
SUBJECT CODE & NAME
IB0016/SC0006/IB0019 – INTERNATIONAL LOGISTICS & DISTRIBUTION MANAGEMENT
BK ID
B1661
CREDITS
4
MARKS
60
Note: Answer all questions. Kindly note that answers for 10 marks questions should be approximately of 400 words. Each question is followed by evaluation scheme.
Question.1. Write a note on the difference between national and international logistics.
Answer:Logistics is the organization and implementation of a complex operation that incorporates management of flow of things between the points of origin and consumption to meet the requirements of the customers. Any type of physical products can be shipped through logistics with a planned process that involves integration of information flow, material handling, packaging, inventory, warehousing and transportation.
Domestic logistics is the distribution of goods within a country, while international logistics is the distribution of goods beyond the country
Question.2. Explain the term trade blocs and list out the various advantages and disadvantages of trade blocs.
Answer:A trade bloc is a type of intergovernmental agreement, often part of a regional intergovernmental organization, where regional barriers to trade, (tariffs and non-tariff barriers) are reduced or eliminated among the participating states.
Question.3. Distinguish between time charter and voyage charter.
Answer:There are different standard format time and voyage charter party contracts available that can be used with different type of commodity transportation. For example;
BIMCHEMTIME 2005 is a standard format time charter party contract, which is created by BIMCO, is used when chartering vessels carrying
Question.4. Discuss about air cargo documentation
Answer:For customs clearance and delivery at destination – and to fulfil HM Revenue & Customs tax requirements before export – freight forwarders should have a commercial invoice detailing the description, quantity and value of the goods being sold. This is attached to the air waybill and forwarded to the destination airport.
Air waybills
Question.5. Explain the various functions of outbound logistics.
Answer:Logistics is the efficient management of the storage and movement of products and information within a supply chain. Outbound logistics refers specifically to the planning and implementation of the distribution of goods to a business buyer or consumer. It differs from inbound logistics, where you manage income goods and information.
Storage and Retrieval: Before goods can be moved, they must be retrieved in your company’s warehouse or inventory storage area. Typically,
Question.6. Explain some of the frictions and frauds observed in the distribution channel.
Answer:Channel conflict occurs when manufacturers (brands) disintermediate their channel partners, such as distributors, retailers, dealers, and sales representatives, by selling their products directly to consumers through general marketing methods and/or over the Internet.
Some manufacturers want to capture online markets for
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ASSIGNMENT
DRIVE
FALL 2016
PROGRAM
Master of Business Administration- MBA
SEMESTER
Semester 4
SUBJECT CODE & NAME
IB0017 –International Business Environment and International Law
BK ID
B1909
CREDITS
4
MARKS
60
Note: Answer all questions. Kindly note that answers for 10 marks questions should be approximately of 400 words. Each question is followed by evaluation scheme.
Question.1. The legal environment of the host country affects a multinational company. Explain.
Answer:When thinking about the international business environment, concerns over economic, political, cultural, technological and regulatory conditions of your target markets will always crop up. The dynamics of the international business environment are driven by complex combinations of these factors. As such, it is always important to consider the implications of country-specific investment climate when making operational and strategic decisions for a multinational corporation.
Political Factors: Political factors concern government policies, laws and administrative orientations of different countries and regional economic
Question.2. Elaborate the objectives of the International Monetary Fund.
Answer:Article 1 of the Articles of Agreement (AGA) spell out 6 purposes for which the IMF was set up.
These are:
Question.3. List the provisions of the Warsaw Convention and the rules added in the Hague Protocol.
Answer:The Hague Protocol, officially the Protocol to Amend the Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules Relating to International Carriage by Air, is a treaty signed on September 28, 1955 in The Hague. It serves to amend the Warsaw Convention. While officially the Hague Protocol is intended to become a single entity with the Warsaw Convention, it has only been ratified by 137 of the original 152 parties to the Warsaw Convention. The binding version of the treaty is written in French, but certified versions also exist in English
Question.4. Write short notes on:
Export cartels
Answer:Export cartels are exempted from the competition laws of most countries. While some scholars and several WTO members have recently condemned such cartels, others have argued that they allow efficiency gains that actually promote competition and trade. This paper examines the various issues involved, with special reference to developing countries and to recent discussions on trade and competition policy. After summarising the contending views on export cartels, and also the scanty theoretical literature on the subject, it
Customs and tariffs
Answer:A tariff is a tax on imports or exports (an international trade tariff). In other languages and very occasionally in English, “tariff” or its equivalent may also be used to describe any list of prices (electrical tariff, etc.).
A customs duty or due is the indirect tax levied on the import or export of goods in international trade. In economic sense, a duty is also a kind of
Question.5. How does the TRIPs agreement protect IPRs? What are the 7 intellectualproperties defined in TRIPs?
Answer:The Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) is an international agreement administered by the World Trade Organization (WTO) that sets down minimum standards for many forms of intellectual property (IP) regulation as applied to nationals of other WTO Members. It was negotiated at the end of the Uruguay Round of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in 1994.
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Note: Answer all questions. Kindly note that answers for 10 marks questions should be approximately of 400 words. Each question is followed by evaluation scheme.
Question. 1. Discuss the role of EXIM bank in promoting foreign trade.
Answer: The main objective of Export-Import Bank (EXIM Bank) is to provide financial assistance to promote the export production in India. The financial assistance provided by the EXIM Bank widely includes the following:
Direct financial assistance
Foreign investment finance
Term loaning options for export production and export development
Pre-shipping credit
Buyer’s credit
Lines of credit
Reloaning facility
Export bills rediscounting
Refinance to commercial banks
The Export-Import Bank also provides non-funded facility in the form of guarantees to the Indian exporters.
Various Stages of Exports Covered by EXIM Bank-
Development of export makers
Expansion of export production capacity
Production for exports
Financing post-shipment activities
Export of manufactured goods
Export of projects
Export of technology and softwares
Forms of Financial Assistance Provided by EXIM Bank to Indian Companies-
Delayed Payment Exports- Term loans are provided to those exporters who deal with exporting of goods and services and this enables them to offer delayed credit to the foreign buyers. This system of deferred credit covers Indian consultancies, technology, and other services. Commercial banks take part in this program either directly or under risk syndication arrangements.
Pre-shipment credit-Indian companies which are highly involved in the execution of export activities beyond the cycle time of six months are funded by EXIM Bank. The construction or turnkey project exporters enjoy the provision of rupee mobilization.
Term loans for export production- EXIM Bank offers term loans to the 100 percent export oriented units, units involved in free trade zones, and exporters of various softwares in India. EXIM bank also works in association with International Finance Corporation, Washington, to provide financial assistance to the small scale and medium industrial units in terms of ameliorating the export production capacity of these units in India. EXIM Bank also provides funded and non- funded facilities to deemed exports from India.
Foreign Investment Finance- EXIM bank provides financial assistance for equity contribution to the Indian companies who form Joint Venture with the foreign companies.
Financing export marketing-It helps the exporters carry out their export market development plan in Indian market.
Financial Assistance Provided by EXIM Bank to Overseas Companies-
Foreign Buyer’s Credit- the foreign players are entitled to a sum of financial assistance in order to import goods and services on deferred payments.
Lines of Credit- EXIM bank also offers financial assistance to the overseas financial institutions and various government agencies for import of goods and services from India.
Reloaning Options to Foreign Banks- The foreign banks are entrusted with funding from EXIM bank in order to provide the same to the their clients across the globe for importing of goods from India.
Role Of Exim Bank: Exim Bank plays a four-pronged role with regard to India’s foreign trade: those of a coordinator, a source of finance, consultant and promoter.
Coordination Role: Exim Bank is the Coordinator of the Working Group Mechanism for clearance of Project & Services Exports and Deferred Payment Exports (for amounts above a certain value – currently Rs. 200 crores). The Working Group comprises Exim Bank, Government of India representatives (Ministries of Finance, Commerce), Reserve Bank of India, Export Credit Guarantee Corporation of India Ltd. And commercial banks who are authorised Group accords clearance to contracts (at the post-award stage) sponsored by commercial banks and Exim Bank and operates as a one-window mechanism for clearance of term export proposals. On its own, Exim Bank can now accord clearance to project export proposals up to Rs. 200 crores in value.
Financing Services: Exim Bank offers a diverse range of financing services for the Indian exporter, including a variety of Export Credit facilities and Finance for Export Oriented Companies.
Export Credits: Exim Bank offers the following Export Credit facilities, which can be availed of by Indian companies, commercial banks and overseas entities.
Question. 2. Explain the Mechanism for Disbursal of Pre Shipment Finance?
Answer: Packing credit is nothing but a pre shipment finance given to exporters with a law interest rate to boost exports. Packing credit is given by authorized bank by the instruction of Reserve Bank as a government policy to promote exporters to earn foreign currency to strengthen financial status of a country.
As per Reserve Bank by the instruction of Government, no exporter shall suffer for want of fund for exports. Government promotes all exporters to earn foreignPacking Credit exchange and extend maximum support to encourage exports. Packing credit is a pre shipment finance given by bank to procure raw materials and arranging goods ready for export. Banks provide packing credit against the stock of raw materials or finished goods also in certain cases. The packing credit is a separate finance given to exporters not connected with any limit of other loans given by bank. A separate packing credit loan account is opened for each exporter separately if needed. Once the amount of shipment received from the overseas buyer, the said packing credit amount will be adjusted by bank and close the loan under the said export order.
In order to obtain packing credit facility, the exporter has to approach their bank with export order. Bank official visits the exporter’s factory and get convinced on the sock of goods and assess the value with export order. Packing credit loan is one of the best financial assistance by bank to promote the export trade.
The basic purpose of Packing Credit Finance is to enable the exporter to procure, process, manufacture or store the goods for export. Packing credit refers to the credit granted by bank to an exporter to enable him to pack the goods. This is short-term working capital advance.
What is the eligibility to apply for a Packing Credit by an Exporter: Any exporter who has a confirmed export order or irrevocable Letter of Credit (LC) can apply for a Packing Credit Loan from his banker. Packing credit loan is sanctioned only on receipt of confirmed export order or irrevocable letter or credit. In the absence of confirmed order or letter of credit, packing credit may be sanctioned by the bank based on the cable provided minimum details of description of goods, quantity, value and name of overseas buyer are available. The regular order or letter of credit has to follow subsequently.
The persons who are eligible for packing credit are Export/Trading/Star Trading /Super Star Trading House or exporter who has received the letter of credit or confirmed export order from the overseas buyer directly and Supplier of goods or supporting manufacture of the export house who has not received the export contract directly but would be executing the contract through the export house. In such an event, he has to produce the letter from the export house or exporter indicating the details of the order received such as description of goods, quantity and value with an undertaking that the export house or exporter would not avail the packing credit to the extent mentioned in the letter. In this case, the export house or exporter and supporting supplier would share the total pre-shipment finance eligible for executing the export order to obtain packing credit.
What is the reason to release Packing Credit to Exporters: The reason of Financing Packing credit is a purpose- oriented advance. The packing credit is made available for the purpose of purchasing raw materials and supplies for manufacturing or producing goods or purchasing goods, processing costs, packing, packaging and warehousing etc. This is short-term advance.
Packing Credit Finance is released in what forms: Pre-shipment finance is both a fund based and non-fund-based advance. Form of packing credit advance is dependent upon the stage of execution of export order. This assumes the form of a loan when the purpose is for purchase of raw materials, manufacture of goods and other incidental costs, prior to shipment of goods. The bank release Packing Credit loan from time to time, based on the request letter of the applicant of packing credit and requirement stage. Non-fund based Packing Credit advance can be in the form of letter of credit, domestic as well as import and issue of various types of guarantee etc.
What is the security requirements under Packing Credit: Packing credit advance can be clean or secured. When the raw materials are not acquired, it can be clean in the initial stages. When the goods are physically possessed and title to the goods is acquired, exporter can pledge or hypothecate the goods to the bank, then the advance becomes secured either in the form of packing credit pledge account or packing credit hypothecation account.
What about quantum of Finance in Packing Credit: There is no fixed formula in respect of quantum of Packing Credit finance. The basic principle is that packing credit advance should be adequate for the exporter to execute the order. Packing credit is, generally, sanctioned the extent of domestic cost of production or FOB value of export order, whichever is lower.
Any margin is required to be maintained by Exporter to obtain Packing Credit loan: There are no fixed norms in respect of margin to obtain Packing Credit loan. However, banks stipulate margin, while sanctioning limits both for fund based and non-fund based. The basic intention of the bank is to ensure business sense and consciousness in the exporter, protect the of banks if erosion happens in the value of goods charged to the bank and not to finance the profit component in the export contract. It is normal that no business firm accepts any contract without profit margin.
What is the Period of Packing Credit Finance: Banks sanction packing credit facility initially, for a period of 180 days, subject to the period involved in production cycle. The exporter may seek sanction of extended period of 90 days in case of circumstances, beyond the control of exporter. Banks normally approve additional period of loan subject to production revalidated export order or letter of credit by the exporter.
Question. 3. What are the various trade financing schemes?
Answer:Trade finance signifies financing for trade, and it concerns both domestic and international trade transactions. A trade transaction requires a seller of goods and services as well as a buyer. Various intermediaries such as banks and financial institutions can facilitate these transactions by financing the trade.
While a seller (or exporter) can require the purchaser (an importer) to prepay for goods shipped, the purchaser (importer) may wish to reduce risk by requiring the seller to document the goods that have been shipped. Banks may assist by providing various forms of support. For example, the importer’s bank may provide a letter of credit to the exporter (or the exporter’s bank) providing for payment upon presentation of certain documents, such as a bill of lading. The exporter’s bank may make a loan (by advancing funds) to the exporter on the basis of the export contract.
Other forms of trade finance can include Documentary Collection, Trade Credit Insurance, Factoring or forfaiting. Some forms are specifically designed to supplement traditional financing.
Secure trade finance depends on verifiable and secure tracking of physical risks and events in the chain between exporter and importer. The advent of new information and communication technologies allows the development of risk mitigation models which have developed into advance finance models. This allows very low risk of advance payment given to the Exporter, while preserving the Importer’s normal payment credit terms and without burdening the importer’s balance sheet. As trade transactions become more flexible and increase in volume, demand for these technologies has grown.
Bank Scheme
Financial Institution
Title
Scheme Description
Bank Schemes Link
Export Finance Schemes
Export Import Bank of India
General Export Credits
Pre-shipment credit, Supplier’s Credit, Guarantee Facilities, For Exporters of Consultancy and Technological Services, For Project Exporters
Link to Bank’s Scheme
Export Finance Schemes
Export Import Bank of India
SME Export Credit
Exim Bank provides pre shipment and post shipment credit in Indian rupees and foreign currency
Link to Bank’s Scheme
Export Finance Schemes
HDFC Bank
Export Credit Scheme
Pre-shipment Credit and Post-shipment Credit for export sector
Link to Bank’s Scheme
Export Finance Schemes
ICICI Bank
Export Bill Negotiation
Receive payment as soon as your goods have been shipped simply on the basis of your trade transaction documents.
Link to Bank’s Scheme
Export Finance Schemes
Punjab National Bank
PNB Expo Gold Card
The scheme ensures easy availability of export credit on best terms, to credit worthy exporters with good track record
Link to Bank’s Scheme
Export Finance Schemes
Yes Bank
Trade Finance
Trade finance schemes and trade services offered by the Bank’s trade finance experts to provide customized solutions to suit to the customer’s financial supply chain, Credit backed structures Channel Finance/ Vendor Financing/ Supplier Financing Local bill discounting/ Invoice Financing.
Link to Bank’s Scheme
Shops & Traders
IDBI Bank
Sulabh Vyapar Business Solutions
The product aims to provide hassle free finance to traders and to meet their business and financial needs at competitive interest rate
Link to Bank’s Scheme
Shops & Traders
State Bank of Travancore
Shoppe Special
To meet credit requirement for purchase of new/old shops/offices. Expansion/ Alteration /Modernisation/ Renovation/ face lifting ofshops/ Service Centers/ garages /Building for consultants/ Chartered Accountants/ practising doctors All furniture/ fixtures, electrical fittings and other accessories required for the show room/ office/ shops.
Link to Bank’s Scheme
Shops & Traders
IndusInd Bank
Traders Advances
Working Capital limits to small traders and businessmen on the basis of turnover and other parameters
Link to Bank’s Scheme
Shops & Traders
State Bank of Travancore
Traders Special
Working Capital credit to traders with the support of recognised associations of traders.
Link to Bank’s Scheme
Question. 4. What are the various Risks Coverage under ECGC Policies? Discuss in detail.
Answer: Risks covered by Standard Policies fall into two categories – Commercial Risks and Political Risks.
Commercial Risks which includes Insolvency of the buyer, Protracted default in payment ( Importer has to pay within four months of due date) and Under special circumstances specified in the policy, buyer’s failure to accept the goods though there is no fault on the part of exporter.
Political Risks
What are the clauses included in Political Risks under policies issued by ECGC?
There are mainly 6 types of covers included under political risks policies under ECGC.
(i) Imposition of restrictions in buyer’s country by the Government for remittance sale proceeds which may block or delay the payment to the exporter;
(ii) War, revolution or civil disturbances in the buyer’s country;
(iii) New import restrictions in the buyer’s country of cancellation of valid import license after the date of shipment or contract, as applicable;
(iv) Cancellation of valid export license or imposition of new licensing restrictions after the date of contract, applicable under Contracts Policy;
(v) Payment of additional transportation and insurance charges occasioned by interruption or diversion of voyage which can not be recovered from the buyer and
(vi) Any other loss that has occurred in buyer’s country, which is not covered under general insurance and beyond the control of exporter and / or the buyer.
In case, where the buyer happens to be foreign Government or Government department and it refuses to pay, the default will fall under the category of political risks.
What are the risks not covered under standard policies of Export Credit Guarantee Corporation ECGC?
Commercial disputes including the quality disputes raised by the buyer, unless the exporter obtains a decree from a competent court in the importer’s country in his favor;
Causes inherent in the nature of the goods;
Buyer’s failure to obtain import license or exchange authorization in his country;
Insolvency or default of an agent of the exporter or the collecting banks;
Losses or damages which can be covered by commercial insurers; and
Foreign Exchange fluctuations.
ECGC does not cover those risks that are covered by the commercial insurers. Exporter can take comprehensive policy that covers both commercial and political risks. If the exporter wants, he can take only policy that covers political risks, depending on the requirements. However, it is important to note ECGC does not issue the policy covering only commercial risks.
If the goods are confiscated by the customs on charges of smuggling, then insurance does not cover.
Important Obligations of the Exporter:
Obtaining valid credit limit on buyers and banks from ECGC.
Premium is payable in advance before commencement of risks and sufficient premium deposit is also to be maintained in advance based on the turnover projection at all times during the policy.
Submission of Monthly declaration of shipments by 15th of the subsequent month
Notifying/Declaration of payments for bills that have remained unpaid beyond 30 days from its due date of payment, by the 15th of the subsequent month.
Filing of claim within 360 days from the due date of the export bill or 540 days from expiry date of the Policy Cover whichever is earlier.
Initiating recovery steps including legal action.
Sharing of recovery.
Highlights:
Higher percentage of cover.
Competitive premium rate.
No Claim Bonus (NCB) of 5% subject to no claim, upto a maximum of 50%.
Discrepancy covers for L/C transactions subject to certain conditions.
Automatic cover for resale/reshipment up to 25% of Gross Invoice Value(GIV).
Availability of Discretionary Limits on buyers on conditions.
Cover for Merchanting trade with prior approval by an endorsement.
Question. 5. Discuss the Methods of Import Finance And Import Financing Schemes.
Answer: Export-Import Bank of India (EXIM Bank) is a specialized financial institution, wholly owned by Government of India, set up in 1982, for financing, facilitating and promoting foreign trade of India. Including the share capital of ` 1,300 crore received during the year from Government of India, the paid up capital as on March 31, 2015, stood at ` 5,059 crore and the Net Worth stood at ` 9,902 crore. Profit after tax of the Bank for the year 2014-15 amounted to ` 726 crore.
EXIM Bank extends Lines of Credit (LOCs) to overseas financial institutions, regional development banks, sovereign governments and other entities overseas, to enable buyers in those countries to import developmental and infrastructure projects, equipments, goods and services from India, on deferred credit terms. EXIM Bank has laid strong emphasis on enhancing project exports, the funding options for which have been enhanced with introduction of the Buyer’s Credit-National Export Insurance Account (BC-NEIA) program. The Bank facilitates two-way technology transfer by financing import of technology into India, and investment abroad by Indian companies for setting up joint ventures, subsidiaries or undertaking overseas acquisitions. To promote hi-tech exports from India, the Bank has a lending programme to finance research and development (R&D) activities of export-oriented companies. During the year ended 31st March, 2015, EXIM Bank sanctioned loans of ` 57,684 crore, while disbursements amounted to ` 38,508 crore. Loan Assets stood at ` 86,953 crore as on March 31, 2015.
During the year, the Bank issued India’s first USD denominated Green bonds with a benchmark size of US$500 million. During the year, an Export Development Fund [EDF] facility, a special fund, established by GoI under the Exim Bank Act and administered by Exim Bank, to sanction loans in the interest of international trade towards meeting strategic objectives was put to use. Exim Bank under the GoI’s ‘Act East Initiative’ undertook a Mission to CLMV countries, consequent to which a Project Development Company is being set up, to be followed by a Project Development and Facilitation Framework. Exim Bank, IL&FS, AfDB and SBI jointly floated a Project Development Company in Africa, based in Mauritius. The Bank has entered into a Cooperation Agreement on Innovation with the four major development Banks of the BRICS countries which is expected to promote intra-BRICS cooperation in innovation financing. The Bank, with its diverse programmes, caters to different segments of exporters and the export cycle. The Bank provides assistance in helping Indian firms in their globalization efforts by locating overseas distributor(s)/ buyer(s)/ partner(s) for their products and services. Exim Bank also lays special emphasis on enhancing export capabilities and international competitiveness of Indian companies through its various Advisory Services.
Here are three possible methods of financing your import business.:
Asset-Based Loan: Factoring accounts receivable is simply selling your credit accounts or accounts receivable to a commercial finance company, bank, or other financing company. Accounts receivable are sold at a discount, usually 80-90% of the face value of your credit accounts. The factoring company gives you an advance payment, for a small fee of 2-3%, for the accounts you would normally have to wait on for payment.
Use Inventory: Even though inventory financing can be expensive, it is a very effective way of financing this type of business activity. You use your current inventory to secure a loan to allow you to buy the imported goods your customers desire. This allows you to increase your inventory without impacting your cash flow as long as you think you can service your debt.There are three types of inventory financing you can pursue depending on your needs. You can use a blanket inventory lien, floor planning, or field warehousing.
Purchase Order Financing: This is similar to factoring your accounts receivables. It goes one step further. You take your invoices or purchase orders and assign or sell them to a commercial finance company, which assumes the risk and the task of billing and collecting. After the products are manufactured, the commercial finance company collects from the customers, takes its cut of the proceeds, and pays you the profit. Purchase order financing is certainly not as cheap as a bank loan. If banks aren’t loaning money, however, it is an option. If your profit margin is high enough on the goods you are importing, then purchase order financing may be for you. It is important, with purchase order financing, that you have a good supply chain and creditworthy customers.
Question. 6. What is Foreign Exchange Market? Discuss the Participants in Foreign Exchange Markets?
Answer: Central banks are often involved in maintaining foreign reserve volumes in order to meet certain economic goals. For example, ever since pegging its currency (the yuan) to the U.S. dollar, China has been buying up millions of dollars worth of U.S.Treasury bills in order to keep the yuan at its target exchange rate. Central banks use the foreign exchange market to adjust their reserve volumes. They have extremely deep pockets, which allow them to have a significant impact on the currency markets.
Banks and Other Financial Institutions: Along with central banks and governments, some of the largest participants involved with forex transactions are banks. Most people who need foreign currency for small-scale transactions, like money for travelling, deal with neighborhood banks. However, individual transactions pale in comparison to the dollars that are traded between banks, better known as the interbank market. Banks make currency transactions with each other on electronic brokering systems that are based on credit. Only banks that have credit relationships with each other can engage in transactions. The larger banks tend to have more credit relationships, which allow those banks to receive better foreign exchange prices. The smaller the bank, the fewer credit relationships it has and the lower the priority it has on the pricing scale.
Forex Market Participants
Consumers and Travelers
Consumers may purchase goods in a foreign country or via the internet with their credit card.
The amount consumers pay in the foreign currency will be converted to their home currency on their credit card statement.
Travelers must go to a bank or currency exchange bureau to convert one currency (their “home” currency) into another (the “destination” currency) when using cash to pay for goods and services in a foreign country.
Travelers need to be aware of exchange rates to ensure they receive a fair deal.
Businesses
Businesses often need to convert currencies when they conduct trade outside their home country.
Large companies need to convert huge amounts of currency; a multinational company such as General Electric (GE) for instance, converts tens of billions of dollars each year.
Investors and Speculators
Investors and speculators require currency exchange whenever they deal in any foreign investment, be it equities, bonds, bank deposits, or real estate.
Investors and speculators also trade currencies in an attempt to benefit from movements in the currency exchange markets.
Commercial and Investment Banks
Commercial and investment banks trade currencies as a service to their commercial banking, deposit, and lending customers.
These institutions also participate in the currency market for hedging and speculative purposes.
Governments and Central Banks
Governments and central banks trade currencies to improve economic conditions or to intervene in an attempt to adjust economic or financial imbalances.
Because they are non-profit, governments and central banks do not trade with the intention of earning a profit, but because they tend to trade on a long-term basis, it is not unusual for some trades to earn revenue.
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ASSIGNMENT
PROGRAM
BSc IT
SEMESTER
FIFTH
SUBJECT CODE & NAME
BT0086, Mobile Computing
CREDITS
4
BK ID
B2067
MARKS
60
Note: Answer all questions. Kindly note that answers for 10 marks questions should be approximately of 400 words. Each question is followed by evaluation scheme.
Question. 1. How “wireless and mobile are two different concepts”. Explain any two applications that use wireless networks and mobile communications.
Answer:The term wireless communication was introduced in the 19th century and wireless communication technology has developed over the subsequent years. It is one of the most important mediums of transmission of information from one device to other devices. In this technology, the information can be transmitted
Question. 2. What is modulation? Briefly explain Amplitude Modulation (AM), Frequency Modulation (FM) & Phase modulation (PM).
Answer:The process of impressing low-frequency information to be transmitted on to a high-frequency wave, called the carrier wave, by changing the characteristics of either its amplitude, frequency, or phase angle is called modulation.
Functions of the Carrier Wave: The main function of the
Question. 3. Explain the GSM TDMA frame with the help of frame structure.
Answer:In GSM frequency band of 25 MHz is divided into 200 KHz of smaller bands, each carry one RF carrier, this gives 125 carriers.As one carrier is used as guard channel between GSM and other frequency bands 124 carriers are useful RF channels.This division of frequency pool is called FDMA. Now each RF carrier will have eight time slots. This division time wise is called TDMA. Here each RF carrier frequency is shared between 8 users hence in GSM system, the basic radio resource is a time slot with duration of about 577 microsec. As
Question. 4. Explain Hard handover and Soft handover in UMTS.
Answer:There are following categories of handover (also referred to as handoff):
Hard Handover: Hard handover means that all the old radio links in the UE are removed before the new radio links are established. Hard handover can be seamless or non-seamless. Seamless hard handover means that the handover is not perceptible to the user. In practice a handover that requires a change of the carrier frequency (inter-
Question. 5. What are the advantages and disadvantages of Infra-red technology?
Answer:Electromagnetic frequencies currently have little legal status for protection and as such, can be freely intercepted by motivated individuals. This doesn’t mean wireless transmission is easily breached, as security varies by the type of wireless transmission method. As presented earlier in the advantages and disadvantages of infrared versus radio frequency transmission, what might be considered an advantage to one method for transmission
Question. 6. Write short notes on the following:
(a) HiCoMo: High Commit Mobile Transaction Model
Answer:The model allows the aggregate data to be updated in disconnection mode, while guaranteeing a very high rate of commitment on reconnection. We name such transactions High Commit Mobile Transactions, or HiCoMo. At reconnectiontime, HiCoMo’s are analyzed and several base (fixed network) transactions are generated in
(b) Kangaroo mobile transaction model
Answer:The rapid growth in the use of wireless communication and mobile devices has created a potential for variety of mobile transaction support. The variety of mobile transaction models have already been developed for dealing with different challenging requirements in this environment. However, a transaction management in mobile computing environment faces several challenges such as scarce bandwidth, limited energy resources, asymmetry in wired and wireless connectivity, asymmetry in mobile and fixed hosts, and mobility
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ASSIGNMENT
PROGRAM
BSc
SEMESTER
V
SUBJECT CODE & NAME
BT0087, WML and WAP Programming Theory
CREDIT
4
BK ID
BT0087
MAX.MARKS
60
Note: Answer all questions. Kindly note that answers for 10 marks questions should be approximately of 400 words. Each question is followed by evaluation scheme.
Q.1 Explain doctype declaration and line breaking in WML with examples.
Answer:- All WML documents must have the DOCTYPE declaration. It should be placed between the XML declaration and the <wml> element. Below is the DOCTYPE declaration for WML 1.3. You can simply copy and paste it into your WML files
The DOCTYPE declaration specifies the name of the DTD (
2. Describe the various data types available in WML script.
Answer:Like JavaScript, WMLScript is weakly typed. WMLScript has only one type of variable, which is var. However, WMLScript variables are actually handled as five primitive data types internally. A variable can be used to store a value of any of the five primitive data types. The data types supported in WMLScript are:
3. Briefly explain the WML external functions with an example.
Answer:In WMLScript, all code must be encapsulated in functions. This is different from JavaScript in which a web developer can choose whether to place the code in functions or directly in the markup. A function in WMLScript is defined using the following format. The parts enclosed inside brackets [] are optional.
[extern] function function_name([argument1,
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SPRING 2016 ASSIGNMENT
PROGRAM
BSC IT
SEMESTER
FIFTH
SUBJECT CODE & NAME
BT0088- Cryptography and Network Security
CREDITS
4
BK ID
B2069
MARKS
60
Note: Answer all questions. Kindly note that answers for 10 marks questions should be approximately of 400 words. Each question is followed by evaluation scheme.
Answer:In cryptography, a Caesar cipher, also known as Caesar’s cipher, the shift cipher, Caesar’s code or Caesar shift, is one of the simplest and most widely known encryption techniques. It is a type of substitution cipher in which each letter in the plaintext is replaced by a letter some fixed number of positions down the alphabet. For example, with a left shift of 3, D would be replaced by A, E would become B, and so on. The method is named after Julius Caesar, who used it in his private correspondence.
Question. 2. Explain data encryption standard (DES).
Answer:DES works by using the same key to encrypt and decrypt a message, so both the sender and the receiver must know and use the same private key. Once the go-to, symmetric-key algorithm for the encryption of electronic data, DES has been superseded by the more secure Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) algorithm.
Originally designed by researchers at IBM in the early 1970s, DES was adopted by the U.S. government as an official Federal Information
Question. 3. Describe the principles of Public-Key Cryptosystems.
Answer:Public-key cryptography refers to a set of cryptographic algorithms that are based on mathematical problems that currently admit no efficient solution — particularly those inherent in certain integer factorization, discrete logarithm, and elliptic curve relationships. It is computationally easy for a user to generate a public and private key-pair and to use it for encryption and decryption. The strength lies in the “impossibility” (computational impracticality) for a properly generated private key to be determined from its corresponding public key. Thus the public key may be published without compromising security. Security depends
Question. 4.Write short notes on
a) Digital signature
Answer:A digital signature is a mathematical scheme for demonstrating the authenticity of a digital message or documents. A valid digital signature gives a recipient reason to believe that the message was created by a known sender, that the sender cannot deny having sent the message (authentication and non-repudiation), and that the message was not altered in transit (integrity). Digital signatures are commonly used for software distribution, financial transactions, and in other cases where it is important to detect forgery or tampering.
Question. 5. Describe Kerberos.
Answer:Kerberos /ˈkərbərəs/ is a computer network authentication protocol which works on the basis of ‘tickets’ to allow nodes communicating over a non-secure network to prove their identity to one another in a secure manner. The protocol was named after the character Kerberos (or Cerberus) from Greek mythology, the ferocious three-headed guard dog of Hades (hellhound). Its designers aimed it primarily at a client–server model and it provides mutual authentication—both the user and the server verify each other’s identity. Kerberos protocol messages are protected against eavesdropping and replay attacks. Kerberos
Question. 6. Explain Security Socket Layer (SSL).
Answer:The Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) is a computer networking protocol that manages server authentication, client authentication and encrypted communication between servers and clients.SSL uses a combination of public-key and symmetric-key encryption to secure a connection between two machines, typically a Web or mail server and a client machine, communicating over the Internet or an internal network.
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ASSIGNMENT
DRIVE
FALL 2016
PROGRAM
BSc IT
SEMESTER
FIFTH
SUBJECT CODE & NAME
BT8901, Object Oriented Systems
BK ID
B1185
CREDITS
4
MARKS
60
Note: Answer all questions. Kindly note that answers for 10 marks questions should be approximately of 400 words. Each question is followed by evaluation scheme.
Question. 1. Explain State charts and Activity Diagrams with examples.
Answer:A program with a graphical user interface is a good example of an event-driven system, as the program must react to user input events. The timing and type of these events is unpredictable. A server is another good example because the timing and types of client requests can be unpredictable.
Statechart Machines
Harel introduces the concept of a statechart machine as an abstract model of a reactive system. A statechart machine is an example of a finite-
Question. 2. What is Booch methodology? Explain its macro and micro development processes.
Answer:Booch system development process is a widely used object oriented process, covers the analysis and design phases of an object – oriented system.
The Booch method consists of the following diagrams:
Question. 3. Explain the structural things in UML.
Answer:To understand the UML, you need to form a conceptual model of the language, and this requires learning three major elements: the UML’s basic building blocks, the rules that dictate how those building blocks may be put together, and some common mechanisms that apply throughout the UML. Once you have grasped these ideas, you will be able to read UML models and create some basic ones. As you gain more experience in applying the UML, you can build on this conceptual model, using more advanced features of the language
Question. 4. Discuss about Extracting Entity Classes. Draw necessary diagram.
Answer:An entity relationship diagram (ERD) is a representation of data within a domain. It consists of entities as well as relationships between entities.
An entity can be a tangible, physical object such as a school or student, or a concept such as a reply or a transaction. Entity can be identified by extracting objects that are relevant and meaningful to the problem domain and the system to develop. In entity relationship modeling, the term entity has synonyms “table”, “database table”, “entity-type
Question. 5. Explain the Elaboration Phase and Construction Phase of unified process.
Answer:The life of a software system can be represented as a series of cycles. A cycle ends with the release of a version of the system to customers. Within the Unified Process, each cycle contains four phases. A phase is simply the span of time between two major milestones, points at which managers make important decisions about whether to proceed with development and, if so, what’s required concerning project scope, budget, and schedule.
Question. 6. Explain Synchronize-and-Stabilize Team Organization with an example.
Answer:Synchronize-and-stabilize is a software life cycle development model. It allows the teams to work efficiently in parallel on different individual application modules. This is done while frequently synchronizing the work as individual’s and as members of parallel teams and periodically stabilizing and/or debugging the code through out the
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ASSIGNMENT
PROGRAM
BSc IT
SEMESTER
FIFTH
SUBJECT CODE & NAME
BT9003, Data Storage management
CREDIT
4
BK ID
B1190
MAX.MARKS
60
Question.1.Explain the practices and techniques to consider when developing a data protection strategy.
Answer:The size of an enterprise determines which practices, processes or technologies are used for data protection. It is not reasonable to assume that a small business can deploy expensive, high-end solutions to protect important data. On the other hand, backing up data to tape or disk is certainly something that any enterprise can do. A large enterprise will have both the resources and the motivation to use more advanced technology.
The goal is the same no matter what the size or makeup of the company. Data protection strives to minimize business losses due to the lack of verifiable data
Question. 2.Explain RAID 0, RAID1 and RAID 0+1.
Answer:On most situations you will be using one of the following four levels of RAIDs.
RAID 0
RAID 1
RAID 10 (also known as RAID 1+0)
In all the diagrams mentioned below:
A, B, C, D, E and F – represents blocks
Question.3 How ILM supports implementation of regulatory concerns? Explain with an example.
Answer:Informatica ILM Nearline is highly scalable, high-performance software that empowers IT organizations to cost-effectively manage the explosion of data growth in their SAP BW systems. The software enables IT teams to easily and safely move infrequently-accessed data from SAP BW into an integrated nearline data store. Nearlined data can
Question.4. Describe the two majorproduct classes in storage networking.
Answer: Storage networking is the practice of linking together storage devices and connecting them to other IT networks. Storage networks provide a centralized repository for digital data that can be accessed by many users, and they use high-speed connections to provide fast performance. It’s most common to find storage networks in enterprise settings, although some vendors do sell networked storage products for consumers and small businesses.
Answer:Multipath I/O (MPIO) is a Microsoft framework designed to mitigate the effects of a host bus adapter (HBA) failure by providing an alternate data path between storage devices and a Windows operating system. MPIO enables up to 32 alternate paths to add redundancy and load balancing for Windows storage environments.
Pathing is a networking approach used to address the specific needs of storage networks by changing the way that communication paths are managed and
Question.6 Describe file system hierarchy and parsing the file system.
Answer:The Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS) defined the directory structure and directory contents in Unixand Unix-like operating systems. It is maintained by the Linux Foundation. The latest version is 3.0, released on 3 June 2015. Currently it is only used by Linux distributions.A File System defines a logical way to read and write information. In this way, it can be considered a specification. Most PC file systems are based off of the desktop concept of files and folders.
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Question.1. State the objectives of cost accounting briefly explain the advantages of cost accounting. (10 marks)
Answer:Cost accounting is the classifying, recording and appropriate allocation of expenditure for the determination of the costs of products or services, and for the presentation of suitably arranged data for purposes of control and guidance of management. It includes the ascertainment of the cost of every order, job, contract, process, service or unit as may be appropriate. It deals with the cost of production, selling and distribution.
Question.2. Define “Costing”, “Cost” and “Cost Accountancy”. Distinguish between cost accounting and financial accounting. (10 marks)
Answer:Cost, costing, cost accounting and cost accountancy are normally used interchangeably but they are not synonyms of each other. The meaning of these terms is related and similar but there are differences. Cost is a sacrificed resource to obtain something, costing is a process of determining costs, cost accounting is a technique to assist management in establishing various budgets, standards, etc and cost accountancy is the practice
Question.3. What one the limitations of financial accounting? How do you overcome item in cost accounting? (10 marks)
Answer:Net effect of transactions are recorded in financial accounting which has happened in past. These accounts is just postmortem of all events of business in past .These record does not help for future planning and other managerial decisions. Financial accounting shows the profitability of business but it is failure to tell that is it good or bad. Financial accounting is also failure to know the reasons of low profitability position.
Financial accounting deals with overall profitability:
Question.5. What are the objectives of cost accounting and what is the relation with Management accounting department? (10 marks)
Answer:Cost accounting is distinct and separate from general financial accounting, which is regulated by generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) and is responsible for creating financial statements. Instead, cost accounting aims to report, analyze and lead to the improvement of inter-business cost control and efficiency. Cost accounting is a system of operational analysis for management.
The Scope and Nature of Cost Accounting
Question.6. Explain the significance of cost accounting in a manufacturing company. (10 marks)
Answer:Manufacturing cost accounting encompasses several tasks that impact production operations and the valuation of inventory. These activities can significantly boost the profits of a business, as well as bring it into compliance with the applicable accounting standards. The following are all elements of manufacturing cost accounting:
Inventory valuation. This is the fully loaded cost of inventory at the end of an accounting period, which is required under various
Question.7. Explain the importance of the Marginal cost technique in managerial decision making? (10 marks)
Answer:Marginal costing is very helpful in managerial decision making. Management’s production and cost and sales decisions may be easily affected from marginal costing. That is the reason, it is the part of cost control method of costing accounting. Before explaining the application of marginal costing in managerial decision making, we are providing little introduction to those who are new for understanding this important concept.
Question.8. Explain the term Convention of materiality. (10 marks)
Answer:The materiality concept is the principle in accounting that trivial matters are to be disregarded, and all important matters are to be disclosed. Items that are large enough to matter are material items.
United States GAAP, for instance, states that items are material if “they could … influence the economic decisions of [financial statement] users….” In other words, materiality errors can mislead decision makers.
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Question.1. How cultural factors do influences international business? (10 marks)
Answer:International business deals not only cross borders, they also cross cultures. Culture profoundly influences how people think, communicate, and behave. It also affects the kinds of transactions they make and the way they negotiate them. Differences in culture between business executives—for example, between a Chinese public sector plant manager in Shanghai and a Canadian division head of a family company
Question.2. What are the role and functions of WTO in international relations? (10 marks)
Answer:function of wtoThe World Trade Organization (WTO) is an organization with the intention of liberalizing and supervising international trade. The organization deals with trade regulation between countries. The functions of the World Trade Organization (WTO) was formed officially on the first of January in 1995 under the Marrakesh Agreement with goals of liberalizing and supervising international trading among countries participating. A framework is provided by the WTO to negotiate and formalize agreements of
Question.3. Explain public sector undertaking of export promotions. (10 marks)
Answer:Since 1948, when for the first time the importance of the public sector in the Indian economy was recognized, the public sector has experienced a phenomenal growth both in terms of number and volume of investment. The Government has made sustained efforts to break the vicious circle of poverty and undevelopment by setting up public sector enterprises or by nationalizing certain key industries. The most recent instances are the
Question.4. What is DDU? (10 marks)
Answer:DDU was not included in the 2010 publication of the International Chamber of Commerce’s Incoterms, however it is still used in international trade parlance. The official term that best describes the function of DDU is now Delivery At Place or (DAP).
DDU is an international trade where the seller is responsible for making a safe delivery of goods to a named destination, paying all transportation expenses and assuming all risks during transportation except for the duty once it arrives to port. When the goods
Question.5. Describe ten strategic policies for IT industry. (10 marks)
Answer:The industrial policy of a country, sometimes denoted IP, is its official strategic effort to encourage the development and growth of part or all of the manufacturing sector as well as other sectors of the economy. The government takes measures “aimed at improving the competitiveness and capabilities of domestic firms and promoting structural transformation.” A country’s infrastructure (transportation, telecommunications and energy
Question.6. How would you categorise International Business Risk ? (10 marks)
Answer:Businesses face all kinds of risks, some of which can cause serious loss of profits or even bankruptcy. But while all large companies have extensive “risk management” departments, smaller businesses tend not to look at the issue in such a systematic way.
So in this four-part series of tutorials, you’ll learn the basics of
Question.7. What are the factors that affect international pricing ? (10 marks)
Answer:Pricing decisions are complex in international marketing. A firm may have to follow different pricing strategies in different markets. Whatever might be the strategy followed, pricing has to reflect the proper value in the eyes of the consumer. Pricing is an important strategic and tactical competitive weapon that can be used by a firm in international marketing.
Question.8. How does IHRM affect the staffing policy of a company ? (10 marks)
Answer:Small businesses are expanding into international markets due to improvements in technology and increasing globalization. This expansion includes setting up production facilities and sales offices abroad. To reduce the perceived risk in these new ventures, companies may be tempted to adopt an ethnocentric approach to their HR
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Answer:Psychological pricing (also price ending, charm pricing) is a pricing/marketing strategy based on the theory that certain prices have a psychological impact. Retail prices are often expressed as “odd prices”: a little less than a round number, e.g. $19.99 or £2.98. There’s evidence that consumers tend to perceive “odd prices” as being significantly lower than they actually are, tending to round to the next lowest monetary unit. Thus, prices such as $1.99 are associated with spending $1 rather than $2. The theory that drives this is that lower pricing such as this institutes greater demand than if consumers were perfectly rational.
Question.2. What is Inventory Management
Answer:Inventory management or Stock management is a discipline primarily about specifying the shape and placement of stocked goods. It is required at different locations within a facility or within many locations of a supply network to precede the regular and planned course of production and stock of materials.
The concept of inventory, stock or work-in-
Question.3. Define the term Marketing Mix. Explain the significance of appropriate marketing mix in the present competitiveenvironment. Cite examples to support your answer.
Answer:Marketing strategy has the fundamental goal of increasing sales and achieving a sustainable competitive advantage. Marketing strategy includes all basic, short-term, and long-term activities in the field of marketing that deal with the analysis of the strategic initial situation of a company and the formulation, evaluation and selection of market-oriented strategies and therefore contribute to the goals of the company and its marketing objectives.
The distinction between “strategic” and “
Question.4. Present the factors that influence the pricing strategy of an organization .Which among them are non – controllable ?Why?
Answer:An enormous number of factors affect pricing decisions. A marketing manager should identify and study the relevant factors affecting the pricing. Some factors are internal to organisation and, hence, controllable while other factors are external or environmental and are uncontrollable.
Factors are also classified in terms of competition-related factors, market-related factors, product- related factors, and so forth. However, we will consider internal and external factors affecting pricing decisions. Due to these factors, price is set high or low, fixed or variable, and equal or discriminative. Figure 2 shows a list of internal and
Question.5. Advertisement expenses are usually wasteful, with no guarantee of enhanced sales or higher loyalty from among thetarget audience” .Do you agree with this statement ?Present your view – point.
Answer:In a competitive economy, companies seek to persuade consumers to buy their products or to avail their services. It is impractical to think that companies should only stock their warehouses and wait for consumers to come knocking on their doors. If this is what businesses did, there would be an economic waste in terms of products being produced but not being bought.
The critics of advertising attack the form of
Question.6. What is Price sensitivity?
Answer:Price sensitivity is the degree to which the price of a product affects consumers’ purchasing behaviors. In economics, price sensitivity is commonly measured using the price elasticity of demand. For example, some consumers are not willing to pay even a few extra cents per gallon for gasoline, especially if a lower-priced station is nearby.
The price sensitivity of a product varies with the level of importance consumers place on price relative to other purchasing criteria. For example, customers seeking top quality goods are typically less price sensitive than bargain hunters.
Elasticity of Demand
Question.7. What do you mean by the term Physical Distribution? Explain briefly the nature & importation in the sphere ofphysical distribution
Answer:Physical distribution is the group of activities associated with the supply of finished product from the production line to the consumers. The physical distribution considers many sales distribution channels, such as wholesale and retail, and includes critical decision areas like customer service, inventory, materials, packaging, order processing, and transportation and logistics. You often will hear these processes be referred to as
Question.8.R.K.Industries Ltd., intends to launch a new folding exercise cycle in Indian market. As a marketing manager whichsteps would you like to take while launching this product? How will you conduct the test marketing for this product.Make necessary Assumptions and justify your answer.
Answer:In some cases, the product will be a direct revenue generator, and in other cases, the product will be a new platform for B2B business transactions.
In the first scenario – where the product is intended to be a direct revenue generator – the software needs to be positioned for sale. In the second scenario, rapid user adoption and acceptance is the goal. In either case, however, a well planned
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Answer:Direct marketing occurs when the “producer” connects with the end user. The end user may be a consumer or a business.
Direct marketing applies to product and service-oriented businesses, and to nonprofit organizations. In all situations, there is no intermediary involved.
Question.2. What do you mean by the term product Life Cycle (PLC) Explain the stages of PLC. Find out in which stage of PLC are the Following product in India, and suggest suitable marketing strategies for each
a) Tooth Powder
b) Microwave Ovens
b) Bicycles
d) VCRs.
Answer:A new product passes through set of stages known as product life cycle. Product life cycle applies to both brand and category of products. Its time period vary from product to product. Modern product life cycles are becoming shorter and shorter as products in mature stages are being renewed by market segmentation and product differentiation.
Companies always attempt to maximize the
Question.3. Discuss the role & importance of physical distribution in the consumer products marketing.
Answer:The physical distribution arrangement or system designed to move the goods from producers and manufacturers to the users has a definite role. That is why; all wise business firms have forged ahead with investment of good deal of time, treasure and talent in physical distribution system improvements to get best to others.
It provides a new orientation for marketing. It gives distribution factors the importance they deserve in marketing and business policies, plans and decisions.
Question.5. What are Current trends in packaging?
Answer:Consumers are creatures of sensation. Packaging design is all about engaging their sense of touch and sight to influence buying habits. They’re also becoming increasingly sophisticated and discerning buyers. As a result, the trend in packaging design is toward meeting their demands for better designed and environmentally responsible products. Fortunately our creativity, combined with today’s technology, allows us to blend new materials and processes that push the design envelope while influencing consumer behaviour.
Question.6. Give the steps in launching a new product. Also give various methods of test marketing a new Product.
Answer:Developing a new product shouldn’t feel like you’re fighting in the dark. There’s an easier way. What you need is a structured road-map that gives your business a clear path to follow.
Actually developing the tangible product or service is only a small part of the new product development process, which includes the complete journey from generating the initial idea to bringing the product to market.
By setting out the steps involved, and sticking to them, your product development will become a more focused and flexible approach that can be
Question.7. Explain Product Life Cycle in detail .How do marketing strategies change as product moves. through various stages of Life cycle
Answer:A new product progresses through a sequence of stages from introduction to growth, maturity, and decline. This sequence is known as the product life cycle and is associated with changes in the marketing situation, thus impacting the marketing strategy and the marketing mix.
The product revenue and profits can be plotted as a function of the life-cycle stages as shown in the graph below:
Introduction Stage: In the introduction stage, the firm seeks to build product awareness and develop a market for the product. The impact on the marketing mix is as follows:
Product branding and quality level is established, and intellectual property protection such as patents and trademarks are obtained.
Pricing may be low penetration pricing to build market share rapidly, or high skim pricing to recover development costs.
Distribution is selective until consumers show acceptance of the product.
Promotion is aimed at innovators and early adopters. Marketing communications seeks to build product awareness and to educate potential consumers about the product.
Growth Stage: In the growth stage, the firm seeks to build brand preference and increase market share.
Product quality is maintained and additional features and support services may be added.
Pricing is maintained as the firm enjoys increasing demand with little competition.
Distribution channels are added as demand increases and customers accept the product.
Promotion is aimed at a broader audience.
Maturity Stage: At maturity, the strong growth in sales diminishes. Competition may appear with similar products. The primary objective at this point is to defend market share while maximizing profit.
Product features may be enhanced to differentiate the product from that of competitors.
Pricing may be lower because of the new competition.
Distribution becomes more intensive and incentives may be offered to encourage preference over competing products.
Promotion emphasizes product differentiation.
Decline Stage: As sales decline, the firm has several options:
Maintain the product, possibly rejuvenating it by adding new features and finding new uses.
Harvest the product – reduce costs and continue to offer it, possibly to a loyal niche segment.
Discontinue the product, liquidating remaining inventory or selling it to another firm that is willing to continue the product.
Question.8. How will you alter the marketing mix –intensity &composition ,as a product is entering the maturity stage in the lifecycle? How again the marketing mix will have to be modified ,when the same product ,later on, starts showing sales – decline?
Answer:The marketing mix decisions in the decline phase will depend on the selected strategy. For example, the product may be changed if it is being rejuvenated, or left unchanged if it is being harvested or liquidated. The price may be maintained if the product is harvested, or reduced drastically if liquidated.
A product life cycle is the typical stages a product
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